Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:7 Issue: 4, Autumn 2021

Application of bio-fertilizers, especially the plant growth promoting bacteria, is most important strategy for the integrated management of the plant nutrition in the sustainable agriculture system with sufficient input.
Current study was conducted to investigation the effect of different rate of combination fertilizer and biological fertilizer and type of application biofertilizer on crop production of Wheat.
This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2020-2021 year. The treatments included different rate of combination Nitrogen fertilizer and Biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) (a1: 100% nitrogen with nonuse of Fla Wheat as control or N100/F0, a2: 70% Nitrogen with Fla Wheat or N70/F1, a3: 40% Nitrogen with Fla Wheat or N40/F1) and several methods of applying biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) (b1: 100% Seed treatment, b2: 100% by irrigation, b3: 50% seed treatment with 50% by irrigation).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of fertilizer combination, method of application fertilizer (instead number of spikelet per spike) and interaction effect of treatments (instead number of spike per m2 and number of spikelet per spike) on all measured traits was significant.
Mean comparison result of different level of fertilizer combination showed that maximum amount of seed yield (7032.1 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (15315 kg.ha-1), Harvest index (45.89%) number of spike per m2 (384.84), number of spikelet per spike, number of seed per spikelet (18.02), number of seed per spike (2.23) and 1000-seed weight (40.26 gr) was noted for N100/F0 and minimum of those belonged to N40/F2 treatment.
As for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of Method of application fertilizer the highest and lowest amount of measured traits was for M3 and M2 treatment.
Generally result of this study revealed to save energy and produce economic yield application 70% Nitrogen with biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) at 50% seed treatment with 50% by irrigation recommended.

Yield in Sorghum, similar to the other crops, is a complex trait and constitute by many of morphological and physiological traits. Mentioned trait is affected by genotype and environmental factors because it is a quantitative trait. This study was conducted to predict the most effective traits on sorghum seed yield according correlation between characteristics in response to apply different irrigation regime and nutrition crop. Current research was done according split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications along 2017 year. The main factor included water deficit stress at three level (A1: 70, A2: 100 and A3: 130 mm Class A evaporation pan) and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost at five level (B1: 100% Nitrogen; 100% pure nitrogen equivalent to 200 kg per hectare, B2: 75% Nitrogen+25% Vermicompost, B3: 50% Nitrogen+50% Vermicompost, B4: 25% Nitrogen+75% Vermicompost, B5: 100% Vermicompost) belonged to sub plot. According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of irrigation regime and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments (instead seed yield and biologic yield) was not significant. Simple correlation coefficients between traits were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. The most positive and significant correlation was observed between seed yield and biologic yield (0.859**), harvest index (-0.703**) and number of seed per raceme (0.646**) at 1% probability level. The traits of number of raceme per race (0.641*), race length (0.541*), number of seed per race (0.533*) and chlorophyll index (0.521*) had correlation with the seed yield was significant at 5% probability level. According to the results of this research, characteristics such as of biologic yield, harvest index and number of seed per raceme had the most positive-direct effects on Sorghum seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.

Mineral fertilizers played a great role towards improving crop yields but main constraint in achieving proven crop potential is imbalanced use of fertilizers, particularly low use of microelements like copper as compared to N. This research was consisted to determine effect of different concentration and stage of foliar application of Copper on qualitative traits of Cowpea. This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2017 year. The treatments included different concentration of Copper foliar application (a1: none use of copper or control, a2: 150 gr.ha-1, a3: 300 gr.ha-1, a4: 450 gr.ha-1) and Copper foliar application at different growth stage (b1: apply at vegetative stage, b2: beginning of flowering stage, b3: beginning of pod formation). According result of analysis of variance effect of different concentration and growth stage of foliar application of Copper (instead copper percentage) on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant (instead seed yield). Evaluation mean comparison result revealed the maximum plant height (157.14 cm), seed yield (211.61 gr.m-2), protein percentage (31.56%), protein yield (66.59 gr.m-2) and Copper percentage (21.29%) was noted for 300 gr.ha-1 Copper (Also it doesn’t have significant difference with 150 gr.ha-1 Copper) and minimum of mentioned traits belonged to control treatment. Between different growths stage of foliar application of Copper the maximum amount of studied characteristics was observed in vegetative stage and the lowest ones was found in beginning of pod formation. It is recommended to farmers due to compliance with environmental aspects and less consumption of chemical inputs to use 150 gr.ha-1 of copper foliar application in the vegetative stage.

Environmental factors (such as consumption of macro- and micro-fertilizers) and use of agronomic bio-fortification strategy can exert larger influences on seed yield (GY), agro-morphological traits and grain micronutrients concentration of food crops. Current study was done to assess effect of urea fertilizer and Nitroxin biofertilizer on crop production and nitrogen use efficiency of Barley. This research was consisted according split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plot included pure nitrogen sourced from urea fertilizer (a1: 50 kg.ha-1, a2: 100 kg.ha-1, a3: 150 kg.ha-1) and different level of Nitroxin biofertilizer (b1: nonuse of Nitroxin or control, b2: 2 L.ha-1, b3: 4 L.ha-1) belonged to subplots. According result of analysis of variance effect of Nitrogen, Nitroxin and interaction effect of treatments (instead 1000-seed weight, harvest index, Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency) on all measured traits was significant. Mean comparison result of different level of Nitrogen indicated that maximum amount of number of spike per m2 (393.02), number of seed per spike (29.55), 1000-seed weight (36.6 gr), seed yield (4051.15 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (1300.47 gr.m-2), harvest index (31.15%) belonged to 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and lowest one belonged to 50 kg.ha-1 but nitrogen use efficiency (58.23 kg. kg-1) and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (10.54 kg. kg-1) had reverse trend and highest amount of mentioned traits was for 50 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Compare different level of Nitroxin revealed the highest amount of studied traits was noted for 4 L.ha-1 (Also it doesn’t have significant effect with 2 L.ha-1) and minimum amount belonged to control. Due to economical aspect application 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer with 2 L.ha-1 Nitroxin biofertilizer produced highest crop production and it can advised to farmers in studied region.

By using low-tillage methods in combination with management of urea fertilizer consumption, beneficial results such as improving sugarcane yield, reducing soil physical degradation and reducing the cost of inputs will be achieved.
This research was carried out to produce economic yield and investigating the possibility of reducing the consumption of urea fertilizer, frequency of tillage operations and movement of machinery in the field.
Current study was done according split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plot included tillage system (T1: moldboard plow one time, Subsoiler two time as conventional tillage, T2: moldboard plow one time, Subsoiler one time, T3: moldboard plow two time, without Subsoiler) and Urea fertilizer (U1: 250 kg.ha-1, U2: 300 kg.ha-1, U3: 350 kg.ha-1) belonged to subplots.
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of tillage system only on leaf sheath moisture was significant at 5% probability level also effect of urea fertilizer on cane yield was significant. Interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits was not significant. Mean comparison result of different level of tillage system indicated that maximum leaf sheath moisture (83.2%) was noted for T1 (moldboard plow one time, Subsoiler two time as conventional tillage) and minimum of that (82.1%) belonged to T2 treatment. Assessment mean comparison result indicated in different level of urea fertilizer the maximum cane yield (118 t.ha-1) was noted for 300 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer and minimum of that (103 t.ha-1) belonged to 250 kg.ha-1 although it does not have significant difference with 350 kg.ha-1 treatment.
Considering the maximum yield of the product with the consumption of 300 kg per hectare of urea fertilizer, reducing the consumption of 50 kg per hectare of urea fertilizer compared to the current consumption amount will not have an effect on reducing the yield. Due to the fact that reducing one round of plowing operation (compared to the conventional plowing method) did not affect the yield of the crop, it is possible to skip this operation in the field.

Chemical fertilizers have several negative impacts on environment and sustainable agriculture. Therefore, bio fertilizers are recommended in these conditions and growth prompting bacteria uses as a replacement of chemical fertilizers. Symbiotic bacteria have positive role in the production of bio-fertilizers and hormones which play a significant role in regulating plant growth while mixing them with chemical fertilizers as a supplement the level and depth of the roots. This combination also increases the rate of water and nutrient absorbance which raise the rate of growth and photosynthesis. The inoculation of soil or crop with phosphate solubilizing/mineralizing microorganisms is therefore a promising strategy for the improvement of plant absorption of phosphorus and thereby reducing the use of chemical fertilizers that have a negative impact on the environment. This review has shown that phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) have tremendous potential as Bio-fertilizers. Mobilizing soil inorganic phosphate and increasing its bioavailability for plant use by harnessing soil PSM promotes sustainable agriculture, improves the fertility of the soil, and hence increases crop productivity. The use of PSM as microbial inoculants is a new horizon for better plant productivity. PSM technology can contribute to low-input farming systems and a cleaner environment. However, there is need to develop PSB technologies specific to various regions and this should be communicated to farmers in a relatively short time. By using phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in crop root zone and soil, the capability of phosphate availability through insoluble phosphate resources will increase and the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers such as superphosphate will improve. Biological phosphorus fertilizers are good substitutes for phosphate chemical fertilizers. They contain two phosphate solubilizing bacteria which dissolve the soil phosphorus using two mechanisms of organic acid and phosphatase acid secretion.